What type of debt is typically issued by private corporations, involves semi-annual coupons, and pays back the face value at maturity?

The type of debt typically issued by private corporations that involves semi-annual coupon payments and pays back the face value at maturity is corporate bonds. These financial instruments allow corporations to raise capital by borrowing funds from investors, who in turn receive periodic interest payments, known as coupons, throughout the life of the bond. Upon maturity, the corporation repays the principal amount, or face value, of the bond.

Corporate bonds are a common way for businesses to fund operations, expansions, or other projects while providing investors with a steady income stream. The structure of corporate bonds can vary, but the key features of semi-annual interest payments and repayment of the principal at maturity are consistent characteristics of these instruments.

In contrast, mortgage bonds are typically secured by real estate, government bonds are issued by government entities, and convertible bonds offer the option to convert into shares of stock. Each of these options has distinct characteristics that differentiate them from corporate bonds.